![]() ![]() The thin curves correspond to the various values of the tuning parameter (the smaller the fall velocity, the stronger the absolute cloud radiative effect both in the longwave and shortwave radiation) and the thick curves to the values retained after tuning. For the IPSL models, we show how the tuning of the scaling parameter affects the latitudinal variation of cloud radiative effect computed as the difference of total and clear-sky radiation for both (b) shortwave and (c) longwave radiation. The squares and diamonds correspond to default values retained after a tuning phase (for GFDL and IPSL-CM they correspond to the values retained for CMIP5, but because the experiments were redone with recent versions of the same models, the balance is not completely satisfied with the selected values). The difference between the dashed and full curves gives the global energy balance. The simulations are run over several years with imposed sea surface temperature. (5) of Heymsfield and Donner (1990), which is shared by the four models. The horizontal axis corresponds to the value of a scaling parameter in the ice crystal fall velocity equation, Eq. (a) Global absorbed shortwave radiation (ASR, full curve) and outgoing radiation (OLR, dashed) at top of atmosphere. Example of tuning of the global top-of-atmosphere energy balance with a cloud parameter for the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 3 (GFDL CM3), Max Planck Institute Earth System Model, version 1.1 (MPI-ESM1.1), and two versions (A and B) of the L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 5 (IPSL-CM5), that differ by the representation of the convective boundary layer, clouds, and convection. ![]()
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